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Legitimate power—Derived from a formal position of power or authorityReward power—Offered as incentive for excelling or achieving a set goal given by the leaderCoercive power—Used to threaten and/or punish if specific goals are not metExpert power—Given to an individual because of their expertise in a specific context or arenaReferent power—Offered to individuals because of their personal characteristics (attractiveness, friendship with others)
using coercion and threats,using intimidation,using emotional abuse,using isolation,minimizing, denying and blaming,using children,using male privilege, andusing economic abuse.
(1) spousal abuse is not anger-driven but rather driven by the need to control women;(2) they do not taking premeditation into account;(3) they imply that the victim provoked violence;(4) they allow the perpetrator to claim to the victim that he has been cured, hence placing the victim at greater risk; and(5) perpetrators can ''reduce anger control to a set of gimmicks that enables them to get their way less violently while continuing their abuse'' (p. 3).